Classificació geogràfica

Amèrica > Estats Units

Europa > Hongria

Moviments socio-culturals

Fites històriques > Segona Guerra Mundial

Fites històriques > Postguerra mundial

Grups per àmbit de dedicació

Tecnòlogues > Enginyeres

Tecnòlogues > Inventores

Científiques > Físiques

Científiques > Químiques

Científiques > Biòlogues > Biofísiques

Escriptores > en > anglés

Personatge
Fotografía

Mária Telkes

(The Sun Queen)

Budapest (Hungary) 12-12-1900 ‖ Budapest (Hungary) 02-12-1995

Període d'activitat: Des de 1924 fins 1993

Classificació geogràfica: Amèrica > Estats Units Europa > Hongria

Moviments socio-culturals

Fites històriques > Segona Guerra Mundial

Fites històriques > Postguerra mundial

Grups per àmbit de dedicació

Tecnòlogues > Enginyeres

Tecnòlogues > Inventores

Científiques > Físiques

Científiques > Químiques

Científiques > Biòlogues > Biofísiques

Escriptores > en > anglés

Context de creació femenina

Mária Telkes was preceded by scientists of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries: Katherine Boyle, Lady Ranelagh (1615–1691) in England; the chemist Marie Anne Paulze (1758–1836), known as Mme. Lavoisier, in France; the Italian Lucia Galeazzi Galvani (1743–1788); and the Russian Julia Lermontova (1847–1919), a pioneer of the periodic table. She was also part of the lineage of scientists originating with Marie Sklodowska-Curie (1867–1934), co-discoverer of radioactivity, Polonium, and Radium, who received two Nobel Prizes: Physics in 1903 and Chemistry in 1911.

Mária Telkes collaborated with architect Eleanor Raymond (1887–1989) in designing and constructing the Dover Sun House, which was funded by sculptor Amalia Peabody. Some of her contemporaries included the French scientist Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 with her husband for discovering induced radioactivity and artificial radioactivity, and Marguerite Perey (1909–1975), assistant and close collaborator of Marie Curie, who discovered Francium while purifying lanthanum samples containing actinium. Another notable figure was Samira Musa (1917–1952), an Egyptian scientist who worked to make the medical use of nuclear technology affordable for all; Ida Noddack (1896–1978), a German chemical engineer, co-discovered Rhenium in 1925 and was the first to propose the concept of nuclear fission; Lise Meitner (1878–1968), an Austrian physicist, co-discovered Protactinium and nuclear fission; Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972), a German physicist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 for the nuclear shell model; Chien-Shiung Wu (1912–1997), a Chinese-born American physicist, experimentally confirmed the hypothesis of parity violation in weak nuclear interactions; Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), a British chemist and crystallographer, played a crucial role in understanding the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite; Hertha Ayrton (1854–1923), an English engineer, mathematician, and physicist, was a close friend of Marie Curie; Marietta Blau (1894–1970) was a nuclear chemist. Mathematicians Emmy Noether (1882–1935) and Hilda Geiringer (1893–1973) made significant contributions to their field, as did Edith Clarke (1883–1959), an electrical engineer and author of Circuit Analysis of A-C Power Systems, a foundational textbook in energy engineering.

Among contemporary scientists, we find the Egyptian researcher Shaimaa Omran, who aims to develop a strategy for evaluating photovoltaic solar penetration in distribution networks using, among other tools, evolutionary artificial intelligence algorithms. She works on advancing the application of renewable energies, the very idea that inspired Mária Telkes.

 

 

 

 

Ressenya

Mária Telkes was a prolific inventor of thermoelectric devices, known for being a pioneer in the development of solar technology. She devised a solar heating system for the Dover House, an innovative home designed by architect Eleanor Raymond (1887–1989) that used solar collectors and regulated temperature solely with energy from the sun. She also developed a portable seawater desalination unit powered by solar energy to produce drinking water. These units were used in U.S. Navy lifeboats during World War II.

 

Justificacions

  • [[en]]A pioneer in harnessing solar energy at a time when no one else had proposed it.
  • [[en]]She placed the fulfillment of basic needs for a dignified life at the center of her research.
  • [[en]]She is known as the Queen of the Sun.
  • [[en]]A prolific inventor of thermoelectric devices.

Biografia

Mária Telkes was born in 1900 in Budapest, Hungary, during a time of great technological development. She graduated in Physical Chemistry from the University of Budapest in 1920 and earned her doctorate in 1924 in the same field. Initially, she dedicated herself to teaching, and one year after obtaining her doctorate, she moved to the United States (U.S.) and began working as a biophysicist at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, where she invented a photoelectric device to record brainwaves. Specifically, she researched the electrical connections between cells and worked on this for twelve years. As a result, in 1934, the New York Times named her one of the 11 most prominent women in the U.S.

In 1937, she began working as an engineer at Westinghouse Electric, where she started developing instruments that converted heat into electrical energy and registered several patents

In 1940, after obtaining U.S. citizenship, she was hired as a development engineer by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to work on the Solar Energy Conversion Project.

During World War II, she devised a portable solar system for the U.S. Navy capable of desalting seawater to provide drinking water, an invention that saved the lives of sailors and soldiers stranded during attacks. A solar distiller is a system that uses the Sun's energy to convert saltwater into drinking water. The heat from the Sun is concentrated to evaporate the freshwater, removing the salt and other solids. The freshwater then condenses and is ready to drink. Mária's device produced approximately one liter of drinking water per day.

After the war ended, in 1947, Mária Telkes invented the first thermoelectric generator and designed the first solar heating system in the construction of the Dover House (Massachusetts), where all the energy was sourced from solar power. This project involved two other women: architect Eleanor Raymond (1887–1989) and sculptor Amelia Peabody (1890–1984), who financed the project. Telkes' system was able to capture and store the Sun's energy and then distribute it inside the house through fans as needed. Her invention included a process in which the energy generated by the Sun could be chemically stored through the crystallization of a sodium sulfate solution.

Later, with funding of $45,000 from the Ford Foundation, Mária Telkes invented the first solar oven capable of reaching 220°C, enabling the pasteurization and sterilization of food. Its use was ideal for rural communities where electricity was unavailable and gas was expensive for families. The oven could cook virtually any type of meat and could even be used by children. A few years later, in 1953, she built the first thermoelectric refrigerator.

By the 1950s, Telkes had already earned the nickname "Solar Queen" for all her achievements in the field of solar energy. In 1952, she became the first recipient of the Achievement Award from the Society of Women Engineers. A year later, she moved to New York University and established a solar energy laboratory at the College of Engineering. She worked there until 1958, when she accepted a position as Director of Solar Energy Research at Curtis-Wright Company, where she focused on the development of solar dryers and water heaters, and studied the potential applications of solar thermoelectric generators in space.

In 1952, she received the Society of Women Engineers Award, and in 1977, she was awarded the Charles Greeley Abbot Prize, granted by the American Solar Energy Society.

From 1969 to 1978, she worked at the Energy Conversion Institute at the University of Delaware, where she was granted several patents for her solar energy storage systems. Her greatest achievement at Delaware was her contribution to Solar One, a building with solar heating.

In the 1970s, she moved to Texas, where she continued advising pioneering solar energy companies and worked on a solar air conditioning system for homes. This system was capable of storing cool air during the day, keeping it overnight, and using it the following day as needed by the home's inhabitants.

The oil crisis of the 1970s sparked great interest in solar energy, which led to the construction of a second experimental house with solar heating: the "Carlisle House." In 1980, Telkes participated as a consultant in this project.

In her final years, she worked as a consultant for companies in the solar sector until 1993, when she retired from her research and decided to return to her hometown after nearly 70 years of absence.

The "Solar Queen" passed away on December 2, 1995, in Budapest at the age of 94.

Mária Telkes sought to discover more about the potential of the Sun to replace the growing use of fossil fuels in her time, a vision that remains relevant and increasingly urgent if we want sustainable lives on a healthy planet.

 

Obres


Telkes, Maria (1949). “Space heating with solar energy”, The Scientific Monthly, 69(6), pp. 394-397.

Disponible en: https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:134295/bdef:Content/get  Date of consultation 28/09/2022

Telkes, Maria (1980). “Thermal energy storage in salt hydrates”, Solar Energy Materials, 2(4), pp. 381-393. Available in: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0165163380900337  Date of consultation 28/09/2022

Telkes, Maria (1954). “Solar thermoelectric generators”, Journal of Applied Physics, 25(6), pp. 765-777. Available in: https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article/25/6/765/160963/Solar-Thermoelectric-Generators Date of consultation 28/09/2022

Telkes, Maria (1952). “Nucleation of supersaturated inorganic salt solutions”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 44(6), pp. 1308-1310. Available in: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50510a036  Date of consultation 28/09/2022

Telkes, Maria (1959). “Solar cooking ovens”, Solar Energy, 3(1), pp.1-11. Available in: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0038092X59900532  Date of consultation 28/09/2022

Bibliografia

Encyclopedia of World Biography (2019); Telkes, Maria, 28/09/2022, <https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/telkes-maria>

Mujeres con ciencia. Gastón Escanga, Edurne. "Maria Telkes, pionera de la energía solar" https://mujeresconciencia.com/2022/12/29/maria-telkes-pionera-de-la-energia-solar/ (published on 2022/12/29 in Vidas científicas)

Enfocament Didàctic

In Physics and Chemistry, in the Energy Block, within the Solar Energy Topic. Mária Telkes provides a great opportunity to work on the homemade construction of a solar oven, highlighting her use of solar energy. Also in the development of renewable energies in response to the climate crisis, and with thermoelectric energy.

In Technology, in energy applications.

 

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