Geographical classification

Europe > France

Socio-cultural movements

Late modern period / Contemporary period > Socio-political movements > Labor movement > Anarchism

Historical milestones > Proletarian revolutions > Paris Commune

Groups by dedication

Activists > Feminists (activists)

Educators > School teachers

Writers > Poets

Writers > Story writers

Writers > Dramatists / Playwrights

Writers > Autobiographers

Writers > Journalists / Chroniclers

Character
Retrato

Louise Michel

Château de Vroncourt-la-Côte 29-05-1830 ‖ Marseille 09-01-1905

Period of activity: From 1856 until 1905

Geographical classification: Europe > France

Socio-cultural movements

Late modern period / Contemporary period > Socio-political movements > Labor movement > Anarchism

Historical milestones > Proletarian revolutions > Paris Commune

Groups by dedication

Activists > Feminists (activists)

Educators > School teachers

Writers > Poets

Writers > Story writers

Writers > Dramatists / Playwrights

Writers > Autobiographers

Writers > Journalists / Chroniclers

Context of feminine creation

[...] The participation of women in the sixty days of popular government that we know as the Paris Commune (1871) was decisive, and among them was Louise Michel. Women were on the barricades, in the hospitals and in the editorial offices of the newspapers. Women took part in the revolutionary clubs and formed their own, among them the Union of Women for the Defense of Paris and the Care of the Wounded, among whose founders was Louise Michel. In collaboration with the Commission for Labor, the Union promoted the employment of women, their unionization and demanded a greater role for women in the political and social life of the Commune [...]

In its short existence, the Commune implemented revolutionary measures, some of which were particularly favorable to women, thanks in part to the pressure they themselves exerted [...] In addition, a commission was created with the mission of creating a women's school to facilitate women's access to training, nurseries were created near the factories and, thanks to the impulse of the Russian internationalist Elizabeth Dmitrieff, public debate began on the need to equalize wages between the sexes [...]

The repression was fierce and also in the bloody week women had the protagonism they had demanded. Thousands of them died raising and defending barricades, others lived and were shot [...], some 30,000 people, mostly workers, were shot and 40,000 deported. Among the latter was Louise Michel [...]

Moreno Balaguer, Rebeca (coord.)(2019). Feminismos. La Historia. Madrid: Ediciones Akal.

From the figure of Louise Michel we can talk about the role of women, both in the industrial revolution and in the labor movement and the participation of women in the revolutions of the nineteenth century. Among the women who played a prominent role in the labor movement of the nineteenth century include the Saintsimonian precursors, the Owenians and Flora Tristan and, in Spain, Teresa Claramunt or the Cigarreras. For their part, revolutionary women at the beginning of the 20th century were Clara Zetkin, Lily Braun, Rosa Luxemburg and Alessandra Kollontai. And in libertarian feminism stood out Federica Montseny, Teresa Mañé, María Lacerda de Moura, Voltairine de Cleyre, the group Mujeres Libres en España, as well as the figure of Emma Goldman.

Review

Writer, poetess and educator of 19th century France, she was a prominent figure in the period of the Paris Commune, both in its organization and in its development. She fought for the defense of the social revolution and is considered a precursor of feminism.

Justifications

  • Writer, poetess and educator in 19th-century France.
  • Anarchist and one of the leading figures of the Paris Commune.
  • Strong defender of the social revolution.
  • Predecessor of feminism.

Biography

Writer, poet and educator of 19th century France.

[…] French revolutionary. A governess by profession, she participated in the revolutionary uprising of the Paris Commune of 1871, for which she was deported to New Caledonia. There she became keenly interested in the native Kanaks. Amnestied, she returned to France in 1880, dedicating herself to propagating the anarchist ideology throughout the country and in some European nations, through conferences and writings that aroused great expectation.

She was the natural daughter of Étienne-Charles Demahis, owner of the Château de Vroncourt, and one of his servants, Marianne Michel. She was raised in the castle itself,  and Demahis's wife, Charlotte, treated her as her own granddaughter. She received from them a Voltairian and republican education, soon becoming fond of playing the piano and reading. 

In 1856 she began to work as a teacher in a Parisian institution, also attending courses of all kinds organized by republican societies. At the same time she wrote verses and articles, which she sent to Victor Hugo and newspapers such as La Jeune France (Young France), and participated in debate meetings. Although not attached to any ideological current, she was related to people linked to revolutionary thought, especially with Théophile Ferré and his sister Marie. 

In 1870, after the defeat of Napoleon III in Sedan against the Prussians, and once the Third French Republic was proclaimed on September 4, groups of revolutionaries, including Louise Michel, tried to obtain arms from the Paris City Hall to liberate Strasbourg from Prussian troops. It was the first time that Louise Michel entered prison. She then presided over the Club de la Justice de Paix de Montmartre, one of the surveillance demarcations created by the Federal Council of the International. Once obtained the arms, the Paris Commune was proclaimed in March 1871 and she participated in the ensuing barricade fighting, and also handling an ambulance and educational matters.

During her deportation in New Caledonia, her scientific passion led her to study the exotic vegetation and fauna of the place. She also improvised a school for the sons and daughters of other deportees, among whom she had a certain authority and ascendancy. She met a Kanak native, from whom she learned the language and culture, and visited various Kanak tribes. She became highly appreciated by the native people, to whom she taught several skills. Unlike most deportees, Michel was in favour of the Kanak revolt of 1878, considering it a liberation struggle. For the same reason she also held the deported Algerians in high esteem.

In July 1880 she was amnestied along with other revolutionaries. She returned to France with the initial idea of re-creating a school for the Kanak. On November 9, she entered Paris after almost ten years of absence. She then dedicated herself to giving lectures in revolutionary clubs throughout the country, in encouragement of the spirit of the Commune, with important public attendance, and studied the anarchist economic theories of Piotr Kropotkin.

In 1883, after taking part in a demonstration against unemployment, she was again arrested and sentenced to six years in prison for looting, although she was pardoned in January 1886.

She resumed her propaganda activity again […]. In 1890 she participated in an anarchist revolt in Vienne and was arrested once more. She was released later and they wanted to declare her insane to lock her up in an asylum.

In March 1904 she was affected by pneumonia in Toulon, from which she was able to recover. However, early the following year, returning from a tour in Algeria, she contracted a new infection in the alpine village of Oraison and died after being taken to Marseilles. Her body was transferred to Paris to be buried in the Levallois-Perret cemetery with her mother and the Ferré brothers. Thousands of people accompanied the funeral procession […]

Biografías y vida, 16/03/2022, https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/michel_clemence.htm

Works


She wrote several works of poetry, theatre, narrative and political opinion and numerous newspaper articles. Of her production as a whole, it is worth highlighting: 

Mémoires (1886).

Le Monde nouveau (1888).

Le Commune  (1898).                                               

À travers la vie, poetry (1894).

Bibliography

Maclellan, Nic (2007). Louise Michel, Vidas rebeldes. Editorial Ocean Sur.

D´Atri, Andrea (2006). Luchadoras, Historia de mujeres que hicieron historia. Argentina: Ediciones IPS.

Biografías y vidas, 16/03/2022, https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/michel_clemence.htm

Espacio violeta. Blog de lecturas feministas y estudios de género, 16/03/2022, https://espaciovioleta.biblioteca.ulpgc.es/2019/05/29/louise-michel-la-feminista-de-bandera-negra/

Didactic approach

She can be studied in the subject of history of 4th of ESO, in the block related to the labour movement or the revolutionary waves of the 19th century. Also in History of the Contemporary World of the 1st year of Bachillerato.

Documents